View source for Part H - Glossary & Acronyms

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==H.1 - ACRONYMS==

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{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Acronym !! Definition
|-
| <span id="AADT"></span>AADT|| Annual Average Daily Traffic
|-
| <span id="AAN"></span>AAN || American Association of Nurserymen
|-
| <span id="AASHTO"></span>AASHTO || [https://transportation.org/ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials]
|-
| <span id="AC"></span>AC || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt Cement|Asphalt Cement]] (pavement)
Alternating Current (traffic)
|-
| <span id="ACBF"></span>ACBF || Air Cooled Blast Furnace slag ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]])
|-
| <span id="ACHP"></span>ACHP || [https://www.achp.gov/ Advisory Council on Historic Preservation]
|-
| <span id="ACI"></span>ACI || [https://www.concrete.org/ American Concrete Institute]
|-
| <span id="ACIA"></span>ACIA || Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="ACPA"></span>ACPA || [https://www.concretepipe.org/ American Concrete Pipe Association]
|-
| <span id="ACOE"></span>ACOE || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#USACE|USACE]]
|-
| <span id="ADA"></span>ADA || [https://www.ada.gov/law-and-regs/ada/ Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)]
|-
| <span id="ADR"></span>ADR || Alternative Dispute Resolution
|-
| <span id="ADT"></span>ADT || Average Daily Traffic
|-
| <span id="ADTT"></span>ADTT || Average Daily Truck Traffic
|-
| <span id="AIC"></span>AIC || Amps Interrupting Capacity
|-
| <span id="AISC"></span>AISC || [https://www.aisc.org/ American Institute of Steel Construction]
|-
| <span id="AISI"></span>AISI || [https://www.steel.org/ American Iron and Steel Institute]
|-
| <span id="AMPP"></span>AMPP || [https://www.ampp.org/home Association for Materials Protection and Performance] (formerly NACE & SSPC)
|-
| <span id="ANFO"></span>ANFO || Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil
|-
| <span id="ANSI"></span>ANSI || [https://www.ansi.org/ American National Standards Institute]
|-
| <span id="AOS"></span>AOS || Apparent Opening Size (fabric)
|-
| <span id="APE"></span>APE || Area of Potential Effect
|-
| <span id="APL"></span>APL || Approved Product List
|-
| <span id="AR"></span>AR || Administrative Record
|-
| <span id="AREA"></span>AREMA || [https://www.arema.org/ American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association]
|-
| <span id="ARS"></span>ARS || Asphalt Roofing Shingles
|-
| <span id="ASCE"></span>ASCE || [https://www.asce.org/ American Society of Civil Engineers]
|-
| <span id="ASHE"></span>ASHE || [https://ashe.pro/ American Society of Highway Engineers]
|-
| <span id="ASME"></span>ASME || [https://www.asme.org/ American Society of Mechanical Engineers]
|-
| <span id="ASTM"></span>ASTM || [https://www.astm.org/ American Society of Testing and Materials]
|-
| <span id="ATFDB"></span>ATFDB || Asphalt treated Free Draining Base
|-
| <span id="AWG"></span>AWG || American Wire Gauge
|-
| <span id="AWPA"></span>AWPA || [https://awpa.com/ American Wood Protection Association]
|-
| <span id="AWS"></span>AWS || [https://www.aws.org/ American Welding Society]
|-
| <span id="AWWA"></span>AWWA || [https://www.awwa.org/ American Water Works Association]
|-
| <span id="BA"></span>BA || Biological Assessment
|-
| <span id="BBR"></span>BBR || Bending Beam Rheometer ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]] test)
|-
| <span id="BCA"></span>BCA || Benefit-Cost Analysis
|-
| <span id="BMP"></span>BMP || Best Management Practice (erosion)
|-
| <span id="BO"></span>BO || Biological Option
|-
| <span id="BOF"></span>BOF || Basic Oxygen Furnace ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]])
|-
| <span id="BP"></span>BP || Business Process (usually associated with [[Part_F_-_eConstruction#Section_F3.00_-_Oracle_Primavera_Unifier|Unifer]])
|-
| <span id="BSG"></span>BSG || Bulk Specific Gravity
|-
| <span id="BTEX"></span>BTEX || Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene (a soil test)
|-
| <span id="C&MS"></span>C&MS || Construction and Material Specifications
|-
| <span id="CAA"></span>CAA || [https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview Clean Air Act]
|-
| <span id="CAPWAP"></span>CAPWAP || Case Pile Wave Analysis Program
|-
| <span id="CAS"></span>CAS || Construction Administration System
|-
| <span id="CBAE"></span>CBAE || Cut Back Asphalt Emulsion
|-
| <span id="CCR"></span>CCR || [https://dnrec.delaware.gov/watershed-stewardship/sediment-stormwater/training/ Certified Construction Reviewer]
|-
| <span id="CCRL"></span>CCRL || Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory
|-
| <span id="CCS"></span>CCS || Crushed Carbonate Stone
|-
| <span id="CE"></span>CE || Categorical Exclusion
|-
| <span id="CEQ"></span>CEQ || [https://dnrec.delaware.gov/watershed-stewardship/sediment-stormwater/training/ Council on Environmental Quality]
|-
| <span id="CFR"></span>CFR || [https://www.ecfr.gov/ Code of Federal Regulations]
|-
| <span id="CIE"></span>CIE || [https://www.cie.co.at/ Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination)]
|-
| <span id="CIP"></span>CIP || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cast-In-Place|Cast-In-Place]]
|-
| <span id="CMD"></span>CMD || Concrete Mix Designs ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]])
|-
| <span id="CMS"></span>CMS || Construction Management System
|-
| <span id="CPESC"></span>CPESC || Certified Professional in Erosion and Sediment Control
|-
| <span id="CRS"></span>CRS || Cationic Rapid Set ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Emulsified Asphalt|asphalt emulsion]])
|-
| <span id="CRSI"></span>CRSI || [https://www.crsi.org/ Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute]
|-
| <span id="CSE"></span>CSE || Cement Stabilized Embankment (soil)
|-
| <span id="CSS"></span>CSS || Cement Stabilized Subgrade (soil)
Cationic Slow Set (asphalt emulsion)
|-
| <span id="CSS/CSD"></span>CSS/CSD || Context Sensitive Solutions/Context Sensitive Design
|-
| <span id="CTFDB"></span>CTFDB || Cement Treated Free Draining Base (soil)
|-
| <span id="CVN"></span>CVN || Charpy V-notch (steel test)
|-
| <span id="CWA"></span>CWA || [https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act Clean Water Act]
|-
| <span id="CZMA"></span>CZMA || [https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45460 Coastal Zone Management Act]
|-
| <span id="DAPA"></span>DAPA || [https://www.delawareasphalt.com/ Delaware Asphalt Paving Association]
|-
| <span id="DC"></span>DC || Direct Current
|-
| <span id="DCA"></span>DCA || [https://www.e-dca.org/ Delaware Contractor's Association]
|-
| <span id="DEIS"></span>DEIS || Draft Environmental Impact Statement
|-
| <span id="DelDOT"></span>DelDOT || [https://deldot.gov Delaware Department of Transportation]
|-
| <span id="DLS"></span>DLS || Data Logging System (traffic markings)
|-
| <span id="DOJ"></span>DOJ || [https://www.justice.gov/ Department of Justice]
|-
| <span id="DOI"></span>DOI || [https://www.doi.gov/ Department of Interior]
|-
| <span id="DNREC"></span>DNREC || [https://dnrec.delaware.gov/ Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control]
|-
| <span id="DRC"></span>DRC || Dry Rodded Condition (aggregate test)
|-
| <span id="DSR"></span>DSR || Dynamic Shear Rheometer (binder test)
|-
| <span id="DZA"></span>DZA || Deficient Zone Average (concrete test)
|-
| <span id="EA"></span>EA || Environmental Assessment
|-
| <span id="EAF"></span>EAF || Electric Arc Furnace
|-
| <span id="EDA"></span>EDA || Earth Disturbing Activity
|-
| <span id="EEI"></span>EEI || [https://www.eei.org/ Edison Electric Institute]
|-
| <span id="EIS"></span>EIS || Environmental Impact Statement
|-
| <span id="EJ"></span>EJ || Environmental Justice
|-
| <span id="EO"></span>EO || Executive Order
|-
| <span id="EPA"></span>EPA || [https://www.epa.gov/ Environmental Protection Agency]
|-
| <span id="EQS"></span>EQS || Exceptional Quality Solids (compost)
|-
| <span id="E&S"></span>E&S || Erosion & Sediment
|-
| <span id="ESA"></span>ESA || Endangered Species Act
|-
| <span id="ESAL"></span>ESAL || Equivalent Single Axle Loads
|-
| <span id="FAA"></span>FAA || Fine Aggregate Angularity (aggregate test)
Federal Aviation Administration
|-
| <span id="FAST"></span>FAST || [https://www.transportation.gov/fastact Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act]
|-
| <span id="FCM"></span>FCM || Fracture Critical Member (steel test)
|-
| <span id="FEIS"></span>FEIS || Final Environmental Impact Statement
|-
| <span id="FEMA"></span>FEMA || [https://www.fema.gov/ Federal Emergency Management Agency]
|-
| <span id="FHWA"></span>FHWA || [https://highways.dot.gov/ Federal Highway Administration]
|-
| <span id="FOIA"></span>FOIA || Freedom of Information Act
|-
| <span id="FONSI"></span>FONSI || Finding of No Significant Impact
|-
| <span id="FRA"></span>FRA || [https://railroads.dot.gov/ Federal Railroad Administration]
|-
| <span id="FRP"></span>FRP || Fiber Reinforced Polymer
|-
| <span id="FSS"></span>FSS || Federal Specifications and Standards, General Services Administration
|-
| <span id="FTA"></span>FTA || [https://www.transit.dot.gov/ Federal Transit Administration]
|-
| <span id="GGBFS"></span>GGBFS || Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
|-
| <span id="GIS"></span>GIS || Geographic Information Systems
|-
| <span id="GS"></span>GS || Granulated Slag
|-
| <span id="HDPE"></span>HDPE || High Density Polyethylene
|-
| <span id="HFRS"></span>HFRS || High Float Rapid Setting (emulsion)
|-
| <span id="HFST"></span>HFST || High Friction Surface Treatment
|-
| <span id="HMA"></span>HMA || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|Hot Mix Asphalt]]
|-
| <span id="HMWM"></span>HMWM || High Molecular Weight Methacrylate
|-
| <span id="HOV"></span>HOV || High Occupancy Vehicle
|-
| <span id="IA"></span>IA || Independent Assurance
|-
| <span id="ICEA"></span>ICEA || [https://www.icea.net/ Insulated Cable Engineers Association]
|-
| <span id="ICI"></span>ICI || Indirect and Cumulative Impacts
|-
| <span id="IEEE"></span>IEEE || [https://www.ieee.org/ Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers]
|-
| <span id="IES"></span>IES || [https://www.ies.org/Illuminating Engineering Society]
|-
| <span id="IIJA"></span>IIJA || [https://highways.dot.gov/infrastructure-investment-and-jobs-act Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act] (also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law)
|-
| <span id="IMSA"></span>IMSA || [https://www.imsasafety.org/ International Municipal Signal Association]
|-
| <span id="IPS"></span>IPS || International Pipe Standard
|-
| <span id="ISSA"></span>ISSA || [https://www.slurry.org/ International Slurry Seal Association]
|-
| <span id="ISTEA"></span>ISTEA || [https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/2950 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991]
|-
| <span id="ITE"></span>ITE || [https://www.ite.org/ Institute of Transportation Engineers]
|-
| <span id="ITS"></span>ITS || Intelligent Transportation Systems
|-
| <span id="ITSA"></span>ITSA || [https://itsa.org/ Intelligent Transportation Society of America]
|-
| <span id="IZEU"></span>IZEU || Inorganic Zinc Epoxy Urethane
|-
| <span id="JMF"></span>JMF || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Job Mix Formula|Job Mix Formula]]
|-
| <span id="Kip"></span>Kip || 1,000 pounds
|-
| <span id="Ksi"></span>Ksi || 1,000 pounds per square inch
|-
| <span id="LCCA"></span>LCCA || Life-cycle cost analysis
|-
| <span id="LED"></span>LED || Light Emitting Diode
|-
| <span id="LEDPA"></span>LEDPA || Least Environmentally Damaging Practicable Alternative
|-
| <span id="LPA"></span>LPA || Local Planning Area
|-
| <span id="LRTP"></span>LRTP || Long-Range Transportation Plan
|-
| <span id="LSS"></span>LSS || Lime Stabilized Subgrade
|-
| <span id="LWCF"></span>LWCF || Land and Water Conservation Fund Act
|-
| <span id="LWT"></span>LWT || Loaded Wheel Test (Bituminous Concrete Test)
|-
| <span id="MAP-21"></span>MAP-21 || Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
|-
| <span id="MBF"></span>MBF || Thousand Board-Feet (wood)
|-
| <span id="MC"></span>MC || Medium Cure (asphalt emulsion)
|-
| <span id="MCB"></span>MCB || Microchannel Bus (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="MIS"></span>MIS || Major Investment Study
|-
| <span id="MOA"></span>MOA || Memorandum of Agreement
|-
| <span id="MOU"></span>MOU || Memorandum of Understanding
|-
| <span id="MOV"></span>MOV || Metal Oxide Varistor (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="MPI"></span>MPI || Magnetic Particle Inspection (steel test)
|-
| <span id="MPO"></span>MPO || Metropolitan Planning Organization
|-
| <span id="MSDS"></span>MSDS || Material Safety Data Sheets
|-
| <span id="MSG"></span>MSG || Maximum Specific Gravity ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|Bituminous Concrete]])
|-
| <span id="MTD"></span>MTD || Maximum Theoretical Density ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|Bituminous Concrete]])
|-
| <span id="MUTCD"></span>MUTCD || [https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/de_mutcd/index.shtml Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices]
|-
| <span id="NCHRP"></span>NCHRP || [https://www.trb.org/NCHRP/NCHRPOverview.aspx National Cooperative Highway Research Program]
|-
| <span id="NEMA"></span>NEMA || [https://www.nema.org/ National Electrical Manufacturers Association]
|-
| <span id="NEPA"></span>NEPA || [https://www.epa.gov/nepa/what-national-environmental-policy-act National Environmental Policy Act (1970)]
|-
| <span id="NGO"></span>NGO || Non-Governmental Organization
|-
| <span id="NHI"></span>NHI || [https://highways.dot.gov/nhi/home National Highway Institute]
|-
| <span id="NIST"></span>NIST || [https://www.nist.gov/ National Institute of Standards and Technology]
|-
| <span id="NMFS"></span>NMFS || [https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about-us National Marine Fisheries Service]
|-
| <span id="NOI"></span>NOI || Notice of Intent
|-
| <span id="NPDES"></span>NPDES || [https://www.epa.gov/npdes National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System]
|-
| <span id="NPS"></span>NPS || [https://www.nps.gov/index.htm National Park Service]
|-
| <span id="NSA"></span>NSA || Noise Sensitive Area
|-
| <span id="NSDB"></span>NSDB || Non-stabilized Drainage Base
|-
| <span id="OGFC"></span>OGFC || Open Graded Friction Course
|-
| <span id="OH"></span>OH || Open Hearth (aggregate)
|-
| <span id="OHWM"></span>OHWM || Ordinary High Water Mark
|-
| <span id="OSHA"></span>OSHA || [https://www.osha.gov/ Occupational Safety and Health Administration]
|-
| <span id="OZEU"></span>OZEU || Organic Zinc Epoxy Urethane
|-
| <span id="PAT"></span>PAT || Project Average Thickness (concrete test)
|-
| <span id="PAV"></span>PAV || Pressure Aging Vessel (binder test)
|-
| <span id="PB"></span>PB || Polybutylene (conduit)
|-
| <span id="PC"></span>PC || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Precast Concrete|Precast Concrete]]
|-
| <span id="PCC"></span>PCC || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement Concrete]]
|-
| <span id="PPC"></span>PPC || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Polyester Polymer Concrete|Polyester Polymer Concrete]]
|-
| <span id="PCCP"></span>PCCP || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement Concrete|Portland Cement Concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|Pavement]]
|-
| <span id="PCS"></span>PCS || Petroleum Contaminated Soil
|-
| <span id="PDA"></span>PDA || Pile Dynamic Analysis
|-
| <span id="PE"></span>PE || Polyethylene (conduit)
|-
| <span id="PGAB"></span>PGAB || Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
|-
| <span id="pH"></span>pH || Potential of Hydrogen
|-
| <span id="PLS"></span>PLS || Pure Live Seed
|-
| <span id="PS"></span>PS || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Prestressed Concrete|Prestressed]] (Concrete)
|-
| <span id="PS&E"></span>PS&E || Plans, Specifications & Estimates
|-
| <span id="PVC"></span>PVC || Polyvinyl chloride
|-
| <span id="PWL"></span>PWL || Percent Within Limits
|-
| <span id="QA"></span>QA || Quality Assurance
|-
| <span id="QC"></span>QC || Quality Control
|-
| <span id="QPL"></span>QPL || Qualified Products List, see [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#APL|APL]]
|-
| <span id="RA"></span>RA || Regional Architecture (ITS)
|-
| <span id="RACP"></span>RACP || Reclaimed Asphalt Concrete Pavement
|-
| <span id="RAP"></span>RAP || Reclaimed (or Recycled) Asphalt Pavement
|-
| <span id="RC"></span>RC || Rapid Cure (asphalt emulsion)
|-
| <span id="REA"></span>REA || Rural Electrification Administration
|-
| <span id="RFI"></span>RFI || Radio Frequency Interference (traffic controller)
Request for Information
|-
| <span id="RH"></span>RH || Relative Humidity
|-
| <span id="RMS"></span>RMS || Root Mean Square (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="ROD"></span>ROD || Record of Decision
|-
| <span id="ROW"></span>ROW || Right-of-Way
|-
| <span id="RPCC"></span>RPCC || Recycled Portland Cement Concrete
|-
| <span id="RPM"></span>RPM || Raised Pavement Marker (traffic)
|-
| <span id="RPO"></span>RPO || Rural Planning Organization
|-
| <span id="RS"></span>RS || Rapid Set (asphalt emulsion)
|-
| <span id="RTFO"></span>RTFO || Rolling Thin-Film Oven (binder test)
|-
| <span id="RUS"></span>RUS || Rural Utilities Service
|-
| <span id="SAE"></span>SAE || [Society of Automotive Engineers https://www.sae.org/]
|-
| <span id="SAFETEA-LU"></span>SAFETEA-LU || [https://www.transportation.gov/civil-rights/disadvantaged-business-enterprise/safetea-lu-act Safe, Accountable,Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act, A Legacy for Users (2005)]
|-
| <span id="SBA"></span>SBA || Styrene-Butadiene-Amene
|-
| <span id="SBR"></span>SBR || Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber
|-
| <span id="SBS"></span>SBS || Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene
|-
| <span id="SCD"></span>SCD || Standard Construction Drawing
|-
| <span id="SE"></span>SE || Systems Engineering
|-
| <span id="SEMP"></span>SEMP || Systems Engineering Management Plan
|-
| <span id="SF"></span>SF || Standard Fabricated members (structures)
Silt Fence
|-
| <span id="SHA/STA/STD/SDOT"></span>SHA/STA/STD/SDOT || State Highway Administration / State Transportation Agency / State Transportation Department / State Department of Transportation (terms all used interchangeably)
|-
| <span id="SHPO"></span>SHPO || State Historic Preservation Officer
|-
| <span id="SI"></span>SI || International System of Units (Metric)
|-
| <span id="SIP"></span>SIP || State Implementation Plan
[[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Stay-In-Place|Stay In Place]] (forms)
|-
| <span id="SMA"></span>SMA || Stone Matrix Asphalt
|-
| <span id="SPD"></span>SPD || Surge Protection Device (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="SPST"></span>SPST || Single Pole / Single Throw (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="SS"></span>SS || Slow Set (asphalt emulsion)
|-
| <span id="SSD"></span>SSD || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Saturated Surface Dry|Saturated Surface Dry]] (aggregate test)
|-
| <span id="STIP"></span>STIP || Statewide Transportation Improvement Program
|-
| <span id="SWPPP"></span>SWPPP || Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan
|-
| <span id="TCE"></span>TCE || Trichloroethylene
|-
| <span id="TCM"></span>TCM || Transportation Control Measure
|-
| <span id="TDM"></span>TDM || Transportation Demand Management
|-
| <span id="TEA-21"></span>TEA-21 || [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/TEA21/ Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998)]
|-
| <span id="THPO"></span>THPO || Tribal Historic Preservation Officer
|-
| <span id="TIP"></span>TIP || Transportation Improvement Program
|-
| <span id="TMA"></span>TMA || Transportation Management Association
|-
| <span id="TMC"></span>TMC || Traffic Management Center
|-
| <span id="TMP"></span>TMP || Traffic Management Plan
|-
| <span id="TMPTA"></span>TMPTA || Tri-methyolpropane Tri-acrylate (paint)
|-
| <span id="TNP"></span>TNP || Total Neutralizing Power
|-
| <span id="TODS"></span>TODS || Tourist-Oriented Directional Signs
|-
| <span id="TRB"></span>TRB || [https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/TRB-Transporta-23-P-586 Transportation Research Board]
|-
| <span id="TSEC"></span>TSEC || Temporary Sediment and Erosion Control
|-
| <span id="TSM"></span>TSM || Transportation System Management
|-
| <span id="TSR"></span>TSR || Tensile Strength Ratio (binder test)
|-
| <span id="UF"></span>UF || Unique Fabricated members (structures)
|-
| <span id="UHPC"></span>UHPC || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Ultra High Performance Concrete|Ultra-High-Performance Concrete]]
|-
| <span id="UL"></span>UL || [https://ul.org/ Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc.]
|-
| <span id="USACE"></span>USACE || [https://www.usace.army.mil/ United States Army Corps of Engineers (also USCOE or USACOE)]
|-
| <span id="USACOE"></span>USACOE|| See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#USACE|USACE]]
|-
| <span id="USC"></span>USC || [https://uscode.house.gov/ United States Code]
|-
| <span id="USCG"></span>USCG || [https://www.uscg.mil/ United States Coast Guard]
|-
|| <span id="USCOE"></span>USCOE|| See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#USACE|USACE]]
|-
| <span id="USDOT"></span>USDOT || [https://www.transportation.gov/ United States Department of Transportation]
|-
| <span id="USFWS"></span>USFWS || [https://www.fws.gov/ United States Fish and Wildlife Service]
|-
| <span id="VAC"></span>VAC || Volts Alternating Current
|-
| <span id="VCA"></span>VCA || Volume of Coarse Aggregate (aggregate test)
|-
| <span id="VECP"></span>VECP || Value Engineering Change Proposal
|-
| <span id="VMA"></span>VMA || Voids in the Mineral Aggregate
|-
| <span id="VME"></span>VME || VersaModule Eurocard (traffic controller)
|-
| <span id="WDT"></span>WDT || Watchdog Timer
|-
| <span id="WEAP"></span>WEAP || Wave Equation Analysis ([[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|Pile]])
|-
| <span id="WMA"></span>WMA || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|Warm Mix Asphalt]]
|-
| <span id="WPS"></span>WPS || Welding Procedure Specification (steel test)
|-
| <span id="WZRPM"></span>WZRPM || Work Zone Raised Pavement Marker (traffic)
|}
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</small>

{{top}}

==H.2 - GLOSSARY==

This glossary is intended to assist DelDOT's Construction staff in understanding the significance of some of the words and terms used most frequently on Projects. In most instances, the definitions or explanations are given as they are used or known in our State, rather than the technical or universal meaning.

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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Term !! Definition
|-
| <span id="Absorbed Water"></span>Absorbed Water || All the water absorbed by an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]] until it reaches the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Saturated Surface Dry|saturated surface dry]] (SSD) condition. Absorbed water is usually expressed as the ratio of the weight of water absorbed by the aggregate sample to the dry weight of the sample:
%Absorbed Water = (weight of water ÷ weight of material) × 100
|-
| <span id="Abutment"></span>Abutment || A structure, usually made of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], stone, or masonry, located at each end of a bridge, designed to withstand earth pressures as well as forces exerted by the superstructure.
|-
| <span id="Accelerator"></span>Accelerator || An [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixture|admixture]] that, when added to a batch of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], accelerates cement hydration, causing the concrete to develop strength more rapidly.
|-
| <span id="Acetylene Torch"></span>Acetylene Torch || A device used to cut or weld metal. The torch consists of a nozzle having valves to control the flow of acetylene and oxygen gases and devices to combine the gases to produce a very hot flame.
|-
| <span id="Acidity"></span>Acidity || A chemical property of a solution having a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#pH|pH]] less than 7.
|-
| <span id="Adhesion"></span>Adhesion || The force by which one substance clings to a substance of a different nature.
|-
| <span id="Admixture"></span>Admixture || A substance, other than [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cement|cement]], water, or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]], added to a batch of fresh [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] in the mixer to alter any of the normal properties of the concrete.
|-
| <span id="Aggregate"></span>Aggregate || Inert mineral material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or the combination thereof, with which [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cement|cement]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Material|bituminous material]] is mixed to form a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Motar|mortar]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|PCC]], or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]]. Aggregates are also used to construct [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|subbase]]. Aggregates are defined as coarse or fine, based on their gradations.
*''Coarse aggregates'' - Aggregates whose smallest particles are predominately retained on a US Standard No. 4 (4.75‑mm) sieve.
*''Fine aggregates'' - Aggregates whose particles predominately will pass the US Standard No. 4 (4.75‑mm) sieve, and retained on the No. 200 (0.075mm) sieve. Fine aggregates are commonly referred to as sand.
*''Fines'' - Are not classified as aggregates, but their particles pass the US Standard No. 200 (0.075mm) sieve.  Fines include [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mineral Filler|mineral fillers]], silt, and [[Part H – Glossary & AcronymsClay|clay]].
|-
| <span id="Aggregate Voids"></span>Aggregate Voids || The space in a compacted [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete| concrete]] mixture not filled with [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]], usually reported as a percentage of the bulk volume of the compacted material.
|-
| <span id="Air Entraining Agent"></span>Air Entraining Agent || An [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixture|admixture]] for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] containing a chemical that causes a concrete mix to have microscopic air bubbles throughout.  Entrained air improves the resistance of concrete to the effects of repeated freezing and thawing. As the water within the concrete freezes and expands, the resulting pressure can be absorbed by empty air voids, thus preventing a build‑up of damaging pressure. It also improves workability of the mix due to the lubricating effect of the air bubbles.
|-
| <span id="Air Entrapment"></span>Air Entrapment || Larger air voids which occur when air is accidentally trapped within [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], resulting in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Honeycomb|honeycombs]].  Typically formed due to improper mixing, inadequate vibration, or poor placement.
|-
| <span id="Alignment"></span>Alignment || The ground plan of a highway as seen from above and as shown on a map or drawing, also called horizontal alignment. The profile drawing is the vertical alignment.
|-
| <span id="Alkalinity"></span>Alkalinity || A chemical property of a solution having a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#pH|pH]] greater than 7.
|-
| <span id="Anchor Bolts"></span>Anchor Bolts || Steel bolts set within masonry or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement Concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] at a specified depth, with a threaded section exposed, for securing a part or portion of the structure such as a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|column]].
|-
| <span id="Anchor Studs"></span>Anchor Studs || Small steel bars or straps, usually with hooked ends, welded to the expansion joints used in a structure. After the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|PCC]] next to the joints has hardened, the anchor bars hold the joints firmly in place.
|-
| <span id="Angle"></span>Angle || The degree of inclination between two lines or two or more surfaces that meet. The term angle is also used to describe a structural shape.
|-
| <span id="Approach Slab"></span>Approach Slab || A section of the roadway that is built over the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Backfill|backfill]] of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]], which leads to the bridge. It is intended to minimize the possibility of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Settlement|settlement]] of the roadway at the structure.
|-
| <span id="Arch"></span>Arch || A structure with a curved under‑surface that supports a highway over an opening. Structurally, an arch carries vertical loads while an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] provides resistance to horizontal loads. A typical arch, with its various components, is shown and described below.
* ''Extrados'' – The intersection of the curved back or upper surface of an arch with a vertical plane parallel to the centerline of the roadway.
* ''Intrados'' – The curve of the intersection of the soffit plane and a vertical plane parallel to the centerline of the roadway; the interior curve or surface of an arch or vault.
* ''Rise'' – The vertical height from the spring line to the lower face of the crown or arch.
* ''Skewback'' – The surface of the abutment of an arch culvert upon which the arch ring rests.
* ''Spring line'' – The line at the junction of the main part of an arch and its supports.
[[File:Arch Image.png|thumb|left|alt=Components of a Typical Arch|Components of a Typical Arch]]
|-
| <span id="Arch Ring"></span>Arch Ring || The entire curved structure of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Arch|arch]] between the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutments]].
|-
| <span id="Arc‑Welding"></span>Arc‑Welding || Joining metal parts by fusion in which heat is supplied by an electric arc between two electrodes or between one electrode and the grounded part.
|-
| <span id="Ashlar Rubble Masonry"></span>Ashlar Rubble Masonry || Masonry composed of squared stones with finished faces laid in horizontal courses and held together by [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]].
|-
| <span id="Asphalt"></span>Asphalt || A dark brown to black organic, cementitious material that is solid, semi‑solid, or liquid in consistency. Asphalt can occur in nature (native asphalt) or as a residue in the refining of petroleum (artificial asphalt).
|-
| <span id="Asphalt Cement"></span>Asphalt Cement || A heavy [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]] used in the preparation of asphaltic mixtures. It is designated by selecting a penetration grade or degree of hardness suitable for the type of construction.
|-
| <span id="Auger"></span>Auger || A type of drill used to obtain [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] samples for soil investigation.
|-
| <span id="Axis"></span>Axis || One of the principal straight lines drawn through the center of a geometric figure, especially the longest and shortest of such lines.
|-
| <span id="Backfill"></span>Backfill || ''Noun'' – Material used to replace an excavated area.
|-
| <span id="Backfilling"></span>Backfilling || ''Verb'' – To fill with [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]], stone, or similar materials to a given grade.
|-
| <span id="Backwall"></span>Backwall || That portion of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] above the bridge seat that prevents the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Backfill|backfill]] from spilling onto the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Seat|bridge seat]]. It also holds the end dam or expansion device in place.
|-
| <span id="Bar"></span>Bar || A square or round rod. Flat steel up to 6" (150 mm) in width is also considered to be a bar.
|-
| <span id="Bar Chair"></span>Bar Chair || A device that holds [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steet|reinforcing bars]] the correct distance from the forms for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]]. It may also be called a slab bolster or slab spacer.
|-
| <span id="Bar Schedule"></span>Bar Schedule || A table of information on the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steet|reinforcing bars]] to be used in a structure. The information listed in the bar schedule includes the size, length, shape, and identification mark for each type of bar.
|-
| <span id="Base Course"></span>Base Course || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|Pavement Structure]].
|-
| <span id="Baseline"></span>Baseline || A reference line from and to which the important measurements are made and dimensions are given.
|-
| <span id="Base Plate"></span>Base Plate || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Sole Plate|Sole Plate]].
|-
| <span id="Batter"></span>Batter || The inclination from the vertical of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pile|pile]] or the face of a wall.
|-
| <span id="Bay"></span>Bay || The area between two successive [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Truss|trusses]] or transverse [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bent|bents]] in a structure.
|-
| <span id="Beam"></span>Beam || A horizontal member forming part of the frame of a structure. It rests on supports and is susceptible to transverse stress. Beams are defined based on how they are supported.
* ''Cantilever'' – A beam that has one or both ends overhanging the support for the beam; or a beam that has one end firmly [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Fixed End|fixed]] and the other end unsupported.
* ''Continuous'' – A beam that rests upon more than two supports.
* ''Fixed'' – A beam that has both ends firmly secured [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Fixed End|(fixed)]].
* ''Overhanging'' - A beam which extends beyond its supports on one or both ends.  It combines properties of simple and cantilever beams.
* ''Simple'' – A beam that is supported at each end.
|-
| <span id="Beam Seat"></span>Beam Seat || The area of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier|pier]] upon which the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] rests.
|-
| <span id="Bearing Area"></span>Bearing Area || The part of the top surface of a mass of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], such as a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier|pier]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]], or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Footing|footing]], on which a bridge [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] is directly supported. The bearing area is sometimes referred to as the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bearing Seat|bearing seat]].
|-
| <span id="Bearing Plate"></span>Bearing Plate || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] used to distribute a load over a larger area.
|-
| <span id="Bent"></span>Bent || A vertical framework usually consisting of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier Cap|cap]] supported by [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|columns]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|piles]].
|-
| <span id="Binder"></span>Binder || The material used to promote the cohesion and uniform consistency of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]] particles to prevent the entrance of moisture, act as a cushioning agent, and, in some cases, to waterproof the entire road surface.
|-
| <span id="Binder Course"></span>Binder Course || In [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|flexible pavement]].  The layer placed after the base course and before the wearing course in the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|pavement structure]].  In DelDOT this is typically referring to ''"Bituminous Concrete, Type B"''.
|-
| <span id="Binder Soil"></span>Binder Soil || Material consisting primarily of fine [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] particles (fine sand, silt, [[Part H – Glossary & AcronymsClay|clay]], and colloids) with good binding properties; commonly referred to as clay binder.
|-
| <span id="Bitumen"></span>Bitumen || A mixture of hydrocarbons, the predominant constituent of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|asphalt]].
|-
| <span id="Bituminous Cement"></span>Bituminous Cement || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt Cement|Asphalt Cement]].
|-
| <span id="Bituminous Concrete"></span>Bituminous Concrete || A mixture of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt Cement|asphalt cement]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregates]] at a specific gradation, and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixtures|Admixtures]] (known as a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Job Mix Formula|Job Mix Formula]]) which are placed and thoroughly compacted into a uniform, dense mass.
|-
| <span id="Bituminous Material"></span>Bituminous Material || Material containing much organic matter, mostly in the form of tertiary hydrocarbons, usually described as [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bitumen|bitumen]].
|-
| <span id="Bleeding"></span>Bleeding ||
* Formation of a film on the surface of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]] due to upward movement of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|asphalt]] in the mix.
* Flow of water from freshly placed [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] when no outside force is applied.
|-
| <span id="Bond"></span>Bond ||
*The adhesive force between steel bars or wires and hardened [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|PCC]], developed as the concrete hardens around embedded steel.
*A guarantee that a contractor’s material and service suppliers and subcontractors on the project will be paid. A performance bond is a guarantee that the project will be satisfactorily completed in the event of a default or termination of a contractor.
|-
| <span id="Borrow"></span>Borrow || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] removed from a designated location (borrow pit) for the purpose of providing fill on a given area, which can be classified into two types:
*''Select'' - Borrow graded and tested to conform to designated specifications; high‑quality granular soil used for backfilling structures, constructing roadway bases, and other significant applications.
*''Common'' - Borrow not suitable for use as select borrow but suitable for less critical uses; referred to in Specifications as [https://engineeringsupport.deldot.gov/index.php/2026_Standard_Specifications_Wiki#1001 Borrow Type F].
|-
| <span id="Box Culvert"></span>Box Culvert || A rectangular reinforced [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] drainage structure.
|-
| <span id="Brace"></span>Brace || A diagonal member used to stiffen a framework.
|-
| <span id="Bridging"></span>Bridging || Braces or system of bracing used between structural members to stiffen them and distribute the load.
|-
| <span id="Bridge Deck"></span>Bridge Deck || The part of a bridge superstructure that provides direct support for vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
|-
| <span id="Bridge Seat"></span>Bridge Seat || The surface of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier|pier]] upon which the superstructure rests.
|-
| <span id="Built‑Up Member"></span>Built‑Up Member || A structural member built from standard shapes to form a single, stronger member.
|-
| <span id="Bulkhead"></span>Bulkhead || A temporary form, usually wooden, used to terminate a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] pour; placed at construction joints, expansion joints, or at the Engineer’s discretion.
|-
| <span id="Bush Hammer"></span> Bush Hammer || A tool used to create a textured on the surface of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]], usually to aid in bonding with new material.
|-
| <span id="Butt Joint"></span>Butt Joint ||
*A joint with a vertical face spanning the width of the lane being paved, constructed when paving is stopped temporarily.
*A union of two [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plates]], end to end, without overlapping.
|-
| <span id="Calcium Chloride"></span>Calcium Chloride || A crystalline compound (CaCl₂) used for controlling dust on dirt roads, [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] stabilization, ice removal, other road‑conditioning purposes, as an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixture|admixture]] to accelerate the set of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], and for curing PCC.
|-
| <span id="Camber"></span>Camber || A slight upward curve given to a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Girder|girder]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Truss|truss]], or superstructure during fabrication to compensate for the downward deflection that will result from load application.
|-
| <span id="Cast-In-Place"></span>Cast-In-Place || A construction method where plastic [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] is poured and cured directly on the construction site within formwork, creating a continuous structure. The forms may be temporary and intended for removal after the concrete cures, or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Stay-In-Place|stay-in-place]] intended to remain for the life of the concrete.
|-
| <span id="Cement"></span>Cement || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]]. Typically refers to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement]] but may also refer to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt Cement|Asphalt Cement]].
|-
| <span id="Cement content"></span>Cement content || The number of pounds (kilograms) of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cement|cement]] used in one cubic yard of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], usually predetermined by Specifications for the desired class of concrete. One bag of cement weighs 94 pounds.
|-
| <span id="Centering"></span>Centering || The formwork for an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Arch|arch]] and its supporting framework.
|-
| <span id="Chamfer"></span>Chamfer || The edge or corner of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] structure, formed at an angle to prevent the edge or corner from chipping or breaking. Achieved by placing a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Chamfer Strip|chamfer strip]] into the corner of the formwork.
|-
| <span id="Chamfer Strip"></span>Chamfer strip || A small V‑shaped strip placed inside a corner of a form to produce a beveled edge on the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Channel"></span>Channel ||
*The bed where a stream of water flows.
*A standard structural shape.
|-
| <span id="Cheekwall"></span>Cheekwall || A small section of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] placed on the top of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] and adjacent to the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Wingwall|wingwalls]], intended to conceal the bearing assembly and protect the bearings from weather.
|-
| <span id="Chord"></span>Chord ||
*The principal member of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Truss|truss]], located either at the top or the bottom.
*A straight line segment joining and included between two points on a circle
|-
| <span id="Clay"></span>Clay || A fine‑grained [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] exhibiting high plasticity when remolded at its natural moisture content or after adding water, and having high strength when dried.
|-
| <span id="Clevis"></span>Clevis || A U‑shaped fastening used to connect a rod to a pin.
|-
| <span id="Clip Angle"></span>Clip Angle || A small angle used for fastening various members together.
|-
| <span id="Cofferdam"></span>Cofferdam || A structure built around a foundation site to keep water out of the excavation.
|-
| <span id="Cold Joint"></span>Cold Joint || A longitudinal joint between different [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mat|mats]] in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]] made by placing a fresh mat against older, hardened or partially hardened mat.
|-
| <span id="Column"></span>Column || A vertical compression member that acts as a support, constructed of concrete, steel, wood, or other materials. To be considered a column, its length must exceed three times its least horizontal dimension.
|-
| <span id="Column Ties"></span>Column Ties || Lateral reinforcement used to hold longitudinal [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|reinforcing steel]] in position in the forms while [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] is placed, and to prevent slender longitudinal bars from buckling outward and bursting the thin concrete cover. Typically form a rectangle or circle around the longitudinal bars.
|-
| <span id="Composite‑Bridge Construction"></span>Composite‑Bridge Construction || A unit consisting of:
*Longitudinal steel or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Prestressed Concrete|prestressed concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]],
*A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|reinforced]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|deck]], and
*[[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Shear Connectors|Shear connectors]] tying the deck and beams together.
|-
| <span id="Concrete"></span>Concrete || A composite material composed of coarse and fine [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregates]] with a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]]. In DelDOT projects, this will typically refer to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement Concrete]], however [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|Bituminous Concrete]] also meets this definition.
|-
| <span id="Concrete Masonry"></span>Concrete Masonry || An artificial stone made from a controlled mixture of properly graded [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland cement]], and water, with small quantities of other chemicals added for specific qualities such as texture or color.
|-
| <span id="Concrete Pour"></span>Concrete Pour || The mass or volume of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] placed in forms.
|-
| <span id="Conduit"></span>Conduit || A tube for receiving and protecting electric wires or cables.
|-
| <span id="Construction Engineering"></span>Construction Engineering || All staking and related surveying work performed on the project by the Contractor. DelDOT establishes lines and grades for extra work, utility work, cross‑sections of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Borrow|borrow]] pits, and excavation items, and checks the Contractor’s surveying and staking.
|-
| <span id="Construction Joint"></span>Construction Joint || A plane surface between two sections of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cast-In-Place|cast‑in‑place]] concrete, where the second section is placed after the first has hardened. Typically formed when concrete placement must be stopped for a relatively long time.
|-
| <span id="Contraction Joint"></span>Contraction Joint || A joint made with an edging tool or diamond‑tipped saw to localize cracking along a line, without extending through the full depth of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Cope"></span>Cope || To cut out the top or bottom [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Flange|flanges]] and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Web|web]] of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] so one member will frame into another.
:[[File:Cope Cut.png|thumb|left|alt=Cope Cut on a Beam|Cope Cut on a Beam]]
|-
| <span id="Coping"></span>Coping || A course of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] or stone placed on top of a wall to shed water.
|-
| <span id="Copper Flashing"></span>Copper Flashing || Very thin sheets of copper used to protect or seal the joints or edges of a structure.
|-
| <span id="Corbel"></span>Corbel || A projection from the face of a wall that supports a load.
|-
| <span id="Cores"></span>Cores || Cylinders of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] cut from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|pavement]] with a hollow drill. The drill grinds away a ring of concrete all the way through, leaving the core undamaged in the center. Typically 6 in (150 mm) in diameter, used to check thickness and sometimes strength in rigid pavement, and density and composition in flexible pavement.
|-
| <span id="Cover Plate"></span>Cover Plate || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] used in building up [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Flange|flanges]] of a steel [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Girder|girder]] to give greater strength and area or to provide protection.
|-
| <span id="Crash Wall"></span>Crash Wall || A massive [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] wall used to protect bridge piers in case of a derailment near the structure.
|-
| <span id="Cribbing Members"></span>Cribbing Members || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|Beams]] used to form a framework for holding earth in place.
|-
| <span id="Curing"></span>Curing || The protection of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] against moisture loss and extreme temperatures, enabling the chemical reaction to progress to a point where satisfactory performance in the structure is ensured.
|-
| <span id="Cut‑Back Asphalt"></span>Cut‑Back Asphalt || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt Cement|Asphalt cement]] rendered fluid by fluxing with a light volatile petroleum distillate. Upon exposure, the distillate evaporates, leaving asphalt cement in its original semi‑solid condition. Classified as SC (slow curing), MC (medium curing), or RC (rapid curing).
|-
| <span id="Cutwater"></span>Cutwater || The pointed end of a pier located in the floodplain of a stream, usually protected against chipping by granite facing, a steel angle, or a bent plate of wrought iron. Sometimes called an icebreaker.
|-
| <span id="Cylinders (Concrete)"></span>Cylinders (Concrete) || Cylinders made from a sample of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] placed on a project, using cylinder molds. Cured and tested in a lab to determine compressive strength. Refer to the [https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/mat_research/index.shtml Materials Manual], and [https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/standard_specifications/index.shtml Standard Specifications] for additional information.
|-
| <span id="Dead Load"></span>Dead Load || The weight of the complete structure, including roadway, sidewalks, [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapets]], pipes, conduits, cables, and other public utility services.
|-
| <span id="Deflection Joint"></span>Deflection Joint || An open joint in the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapets]] allowing for deflection of the superstructure.
|-
| <span id="Deformed Bar"></span>Deformed Bar || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|steel reinforcing bar]] with surface projections to improve bond with [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Density (Soil)"></span>Density (Soil) || The volume‑weight relationship of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]], expressed in lb/ft³. May be wet or dry density, influenced by moisture content, soil gradation and properties, and compactive effort.
|-
| <span id="Depressed key"></span>Depressed key || An inverted key or groove in a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Construction Joint|construction joint]].
|-
| <span id="Diagonals"></span>Diagonals || Diagonal members used for stiffening wind bracing.
|-
| <span id="Diaphragm"></span>Diaphragm || Transverse structural members of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] or steel providing lateral support to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]] in a structure.
|-
| <span id="Distributor"></span>Distributor || A tank truck capable of applying liquid [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Material|bituminous material]] uniformly with controlled pressure, volume, and temperature.
|-
| <span id="Dowel"></span>Dowel || A metal bar extending across a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] joint to transfer load and prevent misalignment.
|-
| <span id="Drain"></span>Drain || A pipe, trench, or ditch provided to lead water away from a structure.
|-
| <span id="Drainage Castings"></span>Drainage Castings || Cast‑iron items such as manhole frames or inlets.
|-
| <span id="Dressed Sheathing"></span>Dressed Sheathing || Sheathing that has been smoothed by planing.
|-
| <span id="Drift Pin"></span>Drift Pin || A cigar‑shaped steel piece used to line up rivet holes.
|-
| <span id="Drip Notch"></span>Drip Notch || A recess on the underside of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapet]] preventing water from following the concrete into supporting [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]] and causing deterioration.
|-
| <span id="Edger"></span>Edger || A small hand tool used to round the edges of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] slabs before hardening.
|-
| <span id="Elevation"></span>Elevation ||
*The vertical distance from a known datum to a point or level surface through that point.
*A drawing showing a vertical section of a structure.
|-
| <span id="Embankment"></span>Embankment || A structure of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]], or mix of the two placed between the embankment foundation and the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|subgrade]].
|-
| <span id="Embankment Foundation"></span>Embankment Foundation || The material below the original ground surface, whose physical characteristics affect the support of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Embankment|embankment]].
|-
| <span id="Emulsified Asphalt"></span>Emulsified Asphalt || A solution of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|asphalt]] and water containing a small amount of emulsifying agent, which works with the water to liquefy the asphalt for construction operations.
|-
| <span id="End Caps"></span>End Caps || Metal covers placed on the extreme ends of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapet]] railings.
|-
| <span id="Expansion Bearing"></span>Expansion Bearing || The bearing device on the expansion end of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]].
|-
| <span id="Expansion Dam"></span>Expansion Dam || A device used to control the expansion and contraction of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|bridge deck]], usually located over the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier|piers]].
|-
| <span id="Expansion End"></span>Expansion End || The end of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Span|span]] free to move in a longitudinal direction, usually designated on the plans.
|-
| <span id="Expansion Joint"></span>Expansion Joint || A joint in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] or steel filled with a compressible material, allowing the structure to contract and expand without damage or excessive stresses.
|-
| <span id="Expansion Joint Material"></span>Expansion Joint Material || Material that can be easily compressed and is placed in an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Expansion Joint|expansion joint]].
|-
| <span id="Fabricated Structural Steel"></span>Fabricated Structural Steel || Steel members made by fastening steel shapes, such as [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plates]] and angles, together by riveting or welding.
|-
| <span id="Fascia Beam"></span>Fascia Beam || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] that exposes a face or side in its final position, usually the outside beam of a structure.
|-
| <span id="Fillet Weld"></span>Fillet Weld || A triangular weld joining two surfaces at right angles to one another.
|-
| <span id="Finishing Concrete"></span>Finishing Concrete || The art of working the surface of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] to a desired texture.
|-
| <span id="Finishing Machine"></span>Finishing Machine || A mechanical device used to finish [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Fixed Bearing"></span>Fixed Bearing || A device that allows a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] to rotate but prevents longitudinal movement.
|-
| <span id="Fixed End"></span>Fixed End || The end of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] secured firmly, allowing rotation only.
|-
| <span id="Flange"></span>Flange || The projecting portion of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]], channel, or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|column]].
|-
| <span id="Float"></span>Float || A flat rectangular tool of wood, aluminum, or magnesium used for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Finishing Concrete|finishing concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Flush Expansion Joint"></span>Flush Expansion Joint || A joint where the expansion‑joint material meets the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Chamfer|chamfered]] surface of adjoining members.
|-
| <span id="Footing"></span>Footing || The part of a structure resting directly on the ground, pedestals, or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|piles]], designed to spread the load so as not to exceed the allowable bearing strength of the foundation bed.
|-
| <span id="Form Ties"></span>Form Ties || Metal devices that prevent [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] forms from spreading apart when concrete is placed.
|-
| <span id="Foundation"></span>Foundation || The underlying material upon which a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Footing|footing]] rests.
|-
| <span id="Foundation Pressure"></span>Foundation Pressure || The resultant pressure on a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Foundation|foundation]] from the loads applied to the structure.
|-
| <span id="Gage Line"></span>Gage Line || The centerline for rivet holes.
|-
| <span id="Girder"></span>Girder || A horizontal member, single or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Built-Up member|built‑up]], acting as a main member of a structure.
|-
| <span id="Girder Dog"></span>Girder Dog || A mechanical device used to lift and place [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Precast Concrete|precast concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]].
|-
| <span id="Gore"></span>Gore || The area immediately beyond the divergence of two roadways, bounded by their edges.
|-
| <span id="Grade Line"></span>Grade Line || A line on a drawing showing the elevation of the completed [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|pavement]] along the project length; also called the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Profile|profile]].
|-
| <span id="Grate"></span>Grating || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Drainage Castings|drainage casting]] with openings or slots, to allow the flow of water into a drainage inlet.
|-
| <span id="Gravel"></span>Gravel || Small stones and pebbles, or a mixture of small stones and sand.  See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|Aggregate]]
|-
| <span id="Green Concrete"></span>Green Concrete || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] that has set but not fully hardened.
|-
| <span id="Green Lumber"></span>Green Lumber || Wood that still contains most of the water present when the tree was cut down.
|-
| <span id="Ground Finish"></span>Ground Finish || A smooth finish on a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] surface, obtained by removing a thin layer of concrete with an abrasive tool or grinding machine.
|-
| <span id="Grout"></span>Grout || A relatively thin, liquid mixture of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cement|cement]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|fine sand]], and water, or cement and water only.
|-
| <span id="Gunite"></span>Gunite || A type of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] “shot” into place by compressed air, with materials mixed with water while being forced through a nozzle.
|-
| <span id="Gusset Plate"></span>Gusset Plate || A structural [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plate|plate]] used to tie abutting members together at a joint.
|-
| <span id="Gutter Line"></span>Gutter Line || The [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Profile|profile]] line at the intersection of the face of curb and the roadway slope.
|-
| <span id="Haunch"></span>Haunch ||
*An additional small section of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] poured with the slab (monolithically) to give added strength or support to the section and adjacent members.
*The portion of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Arch|arch]] ring about midway between the skewback and the crown section.
*The lower quarter of a circular pipe laid in a trench.
|-
| <span id="Headwall"></span>Headwall || A small [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] structure at the inlet end of a pipe.
|-
| <span id="Heel"></span>Heel || The back portion of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Footing|footing]] from the intersection of the batter line to the back edge of the footing, usually under the fill.
|-
| <span id="High Water Elevation"></span>High Water Elevation || The highest elevation known to which water has risen at a specific point or structure.
|-
| <span id="Honeycomb"></span>Honeycomb || An area in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] where [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|coarse aggregate]] particles form a nest with insufficient [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] to fill the spaces, typically from incomplete consolidation, which will be susceptible to freeze-thaw cycles if not filled.
|-
| <span id="Hook‑Bolt Dowels"></span>Hook‑Bolt Dowels || Short steel bars with hooked ends joined by a threaded connection, used to fasten one [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms# section to another.
|-
| <span id="Horizontal Clearance"></span>Horizontal Clearance ||
*The clear distance from curb to curb of a roadway.
*The distance from the roadway centerline to the nearest obstacle.
*The clear horizontal distance between two obstacles.
|-
| <span id="Hot Mix"></span>Hot Mix || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Hydration"></span>Hydration || The process by which [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]] combines with water to form gel.
|-
| <span id="Initial Set"></span>Initial Set || The condition of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] when it has hardened just enough to retain its shape without side support.
|-
| <span id="Inserts"></span>Inserts || Metal devices placed in a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] member during casting to allow fastening of other parts later.
|-
| <span id="Intermediate"></span>Intermediate || Structural members other than main members; sometimes called secondary members.
|-
| <span id="Invert Elevation"></span>Invert Elevation || The lowest interior elevation in the arc of a pipe.
|-
| <span id="Job Mix Formula"></span>Job Mix Formula || The "recipe" for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|Bituminous Concrete]], which is based on the quantities and sources of the materials used in the mix.  All job mix formulas are submitted to [https://deldot.gov/Business/prodlists/ DelDOT's Materials & Research Section] for review prior to being placed on DelDOT projects
|-
| <span id="Joint Filler"></span>Joint Filler || A flexible material used to fill or seal joints while allowing movement, commonly to keep moisture out.
|-
| <span id="Keeper"></span>Keeper || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] used to prevent a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] from separating from the bearing assembly, bolted or welded to the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Sole Plate|sole plate]].
|-
| <span id="Key"></span>Key || A raised or depressed formation in a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete| concrete]] joint surface providing shear strength across the joint.
:[[File:Typical Key.png|thumb|left|alt=Typical Key|Typical Key]]
|-
| <span id="Kicker"></span>Kicker || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Thrust Block|Thrust Block]].
|-
| <span id="Lacing"></span>Lacing || Small flat [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plates]] or straps used to connect two channels to form a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|column]]; sometimes called lattice bars.
|-
| <span id="Laitance"></span>Laitance || A weak, soupy [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] appearing on the top surface of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] during or immediately after consolidation.
|-
| <span id="Lateral"></span>Lateral || A drainage ditch, pipe, joint, or similar structure running perpendicular to the road centerline.
|-
| <span id="Leads"></span>Leads || Parts of a pile driver that guide the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|pile]] and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pile Hammer|hammer]] while driving.
|-
| <span id="Level"></span>Level || An instrument used in surveying to determine elevations.
|-
| <span id="Lift"></span>Lift ||
*A layer of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] placed as part of an embankment.
*A spread and compacted layer of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]].
*A layer of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] in a form.
|-
| <span id="Longitudinal"></span>Longitudinal || A line, joint, ditch, or similar structure running parallel to the road centerline.
|-
| <span id="Lute"></span>Lute || A hand tool used to smooth the surface of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]] prior to compaction.
|-
| <span id="Mandrel"></span>Mandrel || A temporary [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|pile]] insert used to place thin steel shells for constructing cast‑in‑place concrete piles.
|-
| <span id="Map Cracking"></span>Map Cracking || Cracking in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete| concrete]] forming a pattern resembling map boundaries; sometimes called alligator cracking.
|-
| <span id="Masonry Plate"></span>Masonry Plate || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bearing Plate|bearing plate]] securely fastened to the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] support of a bridge.
|-
| <span id="Mass Concrete"></span>Mass Concrete || Placed [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] where heat generation during hydration requires special precautions and typically defined in the Contract.
|-
| <span id="Mastic"></span>Mastic || A mixture of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#BiuminousMaterial|bituminous material]] and fine mineral matter, usually remaining in a plastic state indefinitely, used as an adhesive.
|-
| <span id="Mat"></span>Mat ||
*An assembly of lateral and longitudinal [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|reinforcing bars]] tied together at intersections.
*A wide layer of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]], placed by a paver.
|-
| <span id="Match Line"></span>Match Line || A line on a cross section parallel to the centerline, indicating an additional part of the section shown elsewhere. Both parts have matching lines that align.
|-
| <span id="Median"></span>Median || The portion of a divided highway separating traffic traveling in opposite directions.
|-
| <span id="Mesh"></span>Mesh || An assembly of steel wires welded together at intersections.
|-
| <span id="Metal Plate Pipe"></span>Metal Plate Pipe || Small curved [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plates]] bolted together to form a large pipe.
|-
| <span id="Mid Span"></span>Mid Span || The middle of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Span|span]] or a point equidistant from both ends.
|-
| <span id="Mineral Filler"></span>Mineral Filler || Material passing a US Standard No. 200 sieve, used in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]] to fill small voids and increase pavement stability. Includes granular dust, loess, and fly ash.
|-
| <span id="Minimum Vertical Clearance"></span>Minimum Vertical Clearance || The least difference in elevation between the underside of the superstructure and the highest point of the roadway or streambed cross section, as defined in the Specifications.
|-
| <span id="Mixing Time"></span>Mixing Time || The time during which all [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] materials are in the revolving drum of the mixer.
|-
| <span id="Moisture‑Density Relationship Test"></span>Moisture‑Density Relationship Test || A lab method for determining [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] densities at known moisture contents.
|-
| <span id="Mortar"></span>Mortar || A mixture of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|fine aggregate]] (sand) and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Paste|paste]], which fills voids in the sand and separates sand grains. Always contains air, intentionally or otherwise.
|-
| <span id="Mud Jacking"></span>Mud Jacking || Raising a slab‑on‑ground, usually [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|pavement]], by pumping a mud slurry under pressure through drilled holes. Slurries may also be made from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acrynums#Asphalt Cement|Asphalt Cement]], or similar materials.
|-
| <span id="Native Asphalt"></span>Native Asphalt || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|Asphalt]] produced by natural evaporation or distillation processes, obtained directly from the earth.
|-
| <span id="Neoprene Bearing Pad"></span>Neoprene Bearing Pad || A rectangular synthetic rubber‑like plastic used as a bearing pad for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Prestressed Concrete|prestressed concrete]] or steel [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]].
|-
| <span id="Neoprene Sponge"></span>Neoprene Sponge || A closed‑cell synthetic rubber‑like plastic used to seal the joint between the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] and edges of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Prestressed Concrete|prestressed concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]].
|-
| <span id="Normal"></span>Normal || Perpendicular.
|-
| <span id="Nosing"></span>Nosing || A protective steel facing on the upstream end of a pier.
|-
| <span id="Open Joint"></span>Open Joint || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Deflection Joint|deflection joint]].
|-
| <span id="Organic Soil"></span>Organic Soil || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] with high content of organic material such as plant fragments, peat, roots, and wood.
|-
| <span id="Overburden"></span>Overburden || The top layer of material in a borrow pit that is removed before extracting the underlying acceptable borrow.
|-
| <span id="Parapet"></span>Parapet || An outside wall, usually [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], extending above the finished surface of a bridge and running parallel to its centerline, acting as a guardrail. Also, a wall extending above a building’s roof surface.
|-
| <span id="Parapet Railing"></span>Parapet Railing || A railing placed on top of a bridge [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms# Parapet|parapet]].
|-
| <span id="Paste"></span>Paste || A mixture of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]] and water. The [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Water-Cement Ratio|water‑cement ratio]] determines consistency, strength, and contribution to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Workability|workability]]. Paste always contains air, either intentionally or otherwise.
|-
| <span id="Pavement"></span>Pavement || The hard surface of a road or street, typically broken down into two types:
* Flexible Pavement - A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|pavement structure]] that maintains intimate contact with and distributes loads to the subgrade, relying on [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]] interlock, particle friction, and cohesion for stability. See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]].
* Rigid Pavement - A pavement structure that distributes loads to the subgrade, with one course consisting of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] slabs of relatively high bending resistance.
|-
| <span id="Pavement Structure"></span>Pavement Structure || The combination of subbase, base course, and surface course placed on a subgrade to support traffic load and distribute it to the roadbed, listed from top to bottom:
*''Surface course'' – Layer(s) designed to accommodate traffic load, with the top layer resisting skidding, abrasion, and climate effects; sometimes called the ''“wearing course”''.
*''Base course'' – Layer(s) of specified or selected material placed on a subbase or subgrade to support a surface course.
*''Subbase'' – Layer(s) of specified thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base course (or in rigid pavement, the Portland cement concrete slab).
*''Subgrade'' – The top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure is constructed.
*''Subgrade treatment'' – Modification of roadbed material by stabilization.
|-
| <span id="Paving Notch"></span>Paving Notch || A recess left in the end of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Backwall|backwall]] or superstructure to receive an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Approach Slab|approach slab]].
|-
| <span id="Pedestal"></span>Pedestal ||
*A small [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] support on top of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pier|pier]] that receives the bearing assembly.
*A concrete support below the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Footing|footing]], used when poor [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] conditions exist less than 10 ft below the footing elevation.
|-
| <span id="Penetration"></span>Penetration || The vertical distance a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|pile]] moves while being driven into the ground.
|-
| <span id="pH"></span>pH || The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, on a scale from 0 to 14. Distilled water is 7; less than 7 is acidic, greater than 7 is alkaline/basic.
|-
| <span id="Pier"></span>Pier || A structure, usually [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], transmitting loads from the bridge superstructure to the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Foundation|foundation]], located between [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutments]].
|-
| <span id="Pier Cap"></span>Pier Cap || A cap placed on top of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|columns]] to distribute the superimposed load.
|-
| <span id="Piles"></span>Piles || Vertical or nearly vertical members, partly or entirely embedded in the ground, usually with a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pile Hammer|pile hammer]] or via a drilled shaft, to provide support where poor [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] conditions exist. Piles may support a vertical load through either bearing or friction:
*Bearing Piles - A pile driven to resist horizontal and vertical forces caused by bearing. Bearing piles rest on a hard stratum, usually of rock, that underlies the soil and transfers the load to this hard stratum.
*Friction Piles - A pile that derives its principal support from friction or shear between the pile sides and surrounding soil.
The material used to construction the piles generally conform to one of the three categories below.  The pile type will typically be selected based upon the soil conditions indicated in the borings.
* Cast‑In‑place - A pile constructed by drilling a shaft in the earth and filling it with [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|rebar]], or by driving a hollow sheet‑metal shell with a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pile Hammer|pile hammer]], withdrawing the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mandrel|mandrel]] (if used), and filling the shell with concrete.
* Precast - Piles made from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Precast Concrete|precast]] and (usually) [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Prestressed Concrete|prestressed]] concrete, cast and cured under controlled conditions for maximum strength. Heavy and bulky, requiring proper equipment for moving and driving.
* H Piles - Piles made of structural steel, formed into H sections.
* Sheet Piles - Long, thin, corrugated, and interlocking sheets, typically made with steel, designed to resist lateral forces.
|-
| <span id="Pile Hammer"></span>Pile Hammer || A piece of equipment used to drive a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|pile]] into the ground.  They may be attached to dedicated equipment or may be used modularly with other equipment such as a crane or excavator.  There are several types of pile hammers:
*Vibratory - Uses a system of counter-rotating weights to create vibrations to drive piles in the ground.  Most often used with sheet piles, and typically has a separate power unit.
*Diesel - Uses a self-contained, two-stroke diesel engine.
*Hydraulic -  Uses pressurized oil.
*Air/Steam - Uses compressed air or steam to drive a piston.
|-
| <span id="Pintle"></span>Pintle || A steel pivot pin upon which the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Rocker Assembly|rocker assembly]] rotates.
|-
| <span id="Pipe Bedding"></span>Pipe Bedding || Material immediately below a pipe acting as a foundation to support it.
|-
| <span id="Pipe Hanger"></span>Pipe Hanger || A metal bracket supporting a pipe suspended from a bridge; also called a pipe support.
|-
| <span id="Pipe Sleeves"></span>Pipe Sleeves || Openings in a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] section made by placing short pipe sections in the forms before pouring concrete.
|-
| <span id="Pitch"></span>Pitch ||
* In spiraled reinforced [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|columns]], the clear distance between spiral reinforcement for one revolution.
* The distance between rivet hole centerlines along the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Gage Line|gage line]].
|-
| <span id="Plain Bars"></span>Plain Bars || Smooth [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|reinforcing bars] without a deformed surface.
|-
| <span id="Plain Concrete"></span>Plain Concrete || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] without steel reinforcement.
|-
| <span id="Plant Mix"></span>Plant Mix || Material mixed at a central location and delivered to the project site, usually [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]]e, or similar materials.
|-
| <span id="Plastic"></span>Plastic || The condition of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] when it flows easily and can be readily placed in forms.
|-
| <span id="Plate"></span>Plate || A flat, rectangular piece of steel.
|-
| <span id="Plumb"></span>Plumb || Vertical.
|-
| <span id="Point"></span>Point || To fill the outside part of a masonry joint or hole with dense [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]].
|-
| <span id="Polyester Polymer Concrete"></span>Polyester Polymer Concrete || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] which uses polyester resin as a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]] instead of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]], resulting in enhanced durability and faster curing times.  Often used on [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|bridge decks]].
|-
| <span id="Portland Cement"></span>Portland Cement || The most widely used type of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cement|cement]] in construction, named for its similarity to a stone quarried on the Isle of Portland, England. It is a type of hydraulic cement, which means it can harden under water. When hardened, Portland cement is resistant to moisture as opposed to gypsum cement. For specific contract requirements, make reference to the [https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/standard_specifications/index.shtml Standard Specifications].  Generically you may refer to the list below for the primary types of Portland cement.  This list is not exhaustive.
*''Type I'' The usual type used for general construction, and the one that is usually provided unless otherwise specified.
*''Type II'' A modification of Type I that gives off less heat during hydration and consequently has a lessened tendency for shrinkage crack in bulkier structures.
*''Type III'' A formulation to provide earlier strength attainment, also called high early strength cement. It attains in seven days a strength equivalent to the strength of Type I cement in 28 days.
*''Type IV'' A slow setting cement with a very low heat of hydration that is principally used for massive structures, such as dams, where the heat build‑up during hydration could adversely affect the structure.
*''Type V'' A high sulfate-resistant cement used for exposure to alkaline soils or sea water.
|-
| <span id="Portland Cement concrete"></span> Portland Cement Concrete || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] which uses [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|Portland Cement]] as its [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Binder|binder]].
|-
| <span id="Post Tensioning"></span>Post Tensioning || A technique where high-strength steel [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Tendon|tendons]] are placed inside ducts or sleeves within [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] and tensioned after the concrete is properly cured, placing the concrete in tension.
|-
| <span id="Precast Concrete"></span>Precast Concrete || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] units cast in molds or forms at a location other than their final position. Often used for drainage structures and piles.
|-
| <span id="Pre‑Molded Expansion Joint Material"></span>Pre‑Molded Expansion Joint Material || A compressible material shaped to form a joint of specified width.
|-
| <span id="Prestressed Concrete"></span>Prestressed Concrete || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms# Precast Concrete|Precast concrete]] in which the member is placed in compression during manufacture by means of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Tendon|tendons]] in tension. The load is transferred to the concrete by bond with the steel or by special fixtures where tendons emerge.
|-
| <span id="Pressure"></span>Pressure || Force per unit area, measured in psi, ksi, or pascals.
|-
| <span id="Prime Coat"></span>Prime Coat || The first application of material, such as waterproofing or paint protection, to a surface.
|-
| <span id="Profile"></span>Profile || The elevations of a series of points along a continuous line, typically plotted with a horizontal scale greater than the vertical scale (often 10:1). Used for roads, drives, pipelines, drains, ditches, etc.
|-
| <span id="Pumping"></span>Pumping || A vertical displacement of the grade.
|-
| <span id="Raked Construction Joint"></span>Raked Construction Joint || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Construction Joint|construction joint]] purposely made uneven and coarse to provide greater bond between [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] sections, such as between a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|bridge deck]] and [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapet]] wall.
|-
| <span id="Refusal"></span>Refusal || Condition of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Piles|pile]] driven until it cannot [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Penetration|penetrate]] further into the ground.
|-
| <span id="Reinforced Concrete"></span>Reinforced Concrete || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] with embedded [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|steel reinforcement]].
|-
| <span id="Reinforcing Steel"></span>Reinforcing Steel || Steel bars (rebar), wires, or rods placed in [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] to bear tensile forces; often epoxy‑coated to resist corrosion. Non‑coated reinforcing steel is sometimes called black steel.
|-
| <span id="Retaining Wall"></span>Retaining Wall || A wall built to hold back earth or loose rock, preventing sliding or caving. Examples include:
* Buttressed Retaining Wall - A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforced Concrete|reinforced concrete]] wall having a vertical stem and a horizontal base, with brackets connecting the stem and base located on the opposite side from where [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] is present.
* Counterfort retaining wall - A reinforced concrete wall with a vertical stem and a horizontal base, with brackets on the pressure face uniting the vertical section with the heel of the base.
* Crib wall - A retaining wall composed of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Precast Concrete|precast concrete]] headers and stretchers assembled to form a series of rectangular cellular structures along an embankment. Stretchers are the frontal, horizontal members; headers are the lateral members.
|-
| <span id="Retarder"></span>Retarder || An [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixure|admixture]] that slows the setting of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], with little or no effect on strength gain after initial set.
|-
| <span id="Riprap"></span>Riprap || Material such as stones, broken [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], or similar, used to stabilize an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Embankment|embankment]], spillway, or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Channel|channel]] to control erosion.
|-
| <span id="Rocker Assembly"></span>Rocker Assembly || A device at bridge supports allowing movement from deflection and expansion; may also be located at intermediate points along a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]] or at the free end.
:[[File:Typical Rocker Assembly.png|thumb|left|alt=Typical Rocker Assembly|Typical Rocker Assembly]]
|-
| <span id="Rocker Bearing"></span>Rocker Bearing || Movable support at one end of a bridge [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Span|span]] that rocks on its base to accommodate changes in span length due to temperature variation.
|-
| <span id="Rollers"></span>Rollers || Steel cylinders used to provide support so the structure can move in the direction of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Span|span]].
|-
| <span id="Rubber Compounds"></span>Rubber Compounds || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Material|Bituminous materials] mixed with a small amount of rubber, used for filling and sealing joints and cracks.
|-
| <span id="Salamander"></span>Salamander || A device used to provide heat in cold weather, especially for [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Cast-In-Place|cast-in-place]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Sand"></span>Sand || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|Aggregate]].
|-
| <span id="Saturated Surface Dry"></span> Saturated Surface Dry || The point at which the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]] is internally saturated but externally dry.
|-
| <span id="Scaling"></span>Scaling || The peeling off of a thin layer of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] from the finished surface of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement|pavement]].
|-
| <span id="Score"></span>Score || To make a long, small depression in the face of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutments]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#parapet|parapets]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Retaining Wall|retaining walls]], or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Wingwall|wingwalls]] to enhance appearance.
|-
| <span id="Scour"></span>Scour || The erosion or removal of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]], sediment, or rock around a structure caused by flowing water, which can compromise the stability of foundations and other structural elements.
|-
| <span id="Screed"></span>Screed || A long piece of wood or metal moved across the surface of newly placed [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] with a motion to consolidate and smooth it.
|-
| <span id="Scuppers"></span>Scuppers || Special drain inlets used to dispose of surface water on [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|bridge decks]], usually through a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Parapet|parapet]].
|-
| <span id="Sealer"></span>Sealer || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bituminous Material|bituminous material]] used for filling and sealing joints and cracks.
|-
| <span id="Segregation"></span>Segregation || Separation of fine material from coarser material. In [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|bituminous concrete]] and graded [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregate]], it refers to larger particles rolling outward during handling. In [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], it refers to coarse aggregate separating from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] or the main mass.
|-
| <span id="Set"></span>Set || The hardening of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Grout|grout]], [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]], or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Setting Up"></span>Setting Up || The process by which [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement|cement]] in freshly mixed [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Mortar|mortar]] combines with water and hardens.
|-
| <span id="Settlement"></span>Settlement || Downward movement of a structure due to its own weight, supported loads, or shrinkage of supporting [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]].
|-
| <span id="Shear Blocks"></span>Shear Blocks || Small concrete blocks used to prevent lateral movement of the superstructure.
|-
| <span id="Shear Connectors"></span>Shear Connectors || Devices preventing one structural member from sliding on another; examples include studs, channels, and reinforcing steel fastening [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beams]] to [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Deck|bridge decks]] for composite action.
|-
| <span id="Shear Key"></span>Shear Key || A small recess or depression between different pours of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|oncrete]] or between a structure (e.g., a dam) and its foundation, used to resist shear forces across a joint.
|-
| <span id="Shim"></span>Shim || A thin, flat [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] used to raise a bearing assembly on a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Bridge Seat|bridge seat]] or adjust an expansion dam.
|-
| <span id="Skew"></span>Skew || At an angle other than a right angle; neither parallel nor perpendicular.
|-
| <span id="Sliding Plate"></span>Sliding Plate || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] bridging an expansion joint to prevent roadway debris from accumulating on bridge seats; apron plates are usually rigidly connected to the end floor [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]].
|-
| <span id="Slope Paving"></span>Slope Paving || Concrete slabs placed in erosion‑prone locations to protect against undermining of a structure’s footing.
|-
| <span id="Slope Wall"></span>Slope Wall || Pavement constructed on an excavation or embankment side slope to prevent [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] erosion.
|-
| <span id="Slump"></span>Slump || A measure of the fluidity or wetness of fresh concrete, determined by the vertical subsidence (in inches or millimeters) of a sample after removing a conical mold. Greater slump indicates wetter or softer concrete.
|-
| <span id="Soffit"></span>Soffit || The underside of a cornice, overhang, stairwell, or similar structure.
|-
| <span id="Soil"></span>Soil || Sediments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles from rock disintegration, possibly containing organic matter.
|-
| <span id="Sole Plate"></span>Sole Plate || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] at the base of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]], partition, [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Column|column]], or similar structure to distribute load at the support point.
|-
| <span id="Spalling"></span>Spalling || The crumbling of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|concrete]] at a joint or surface; also refers to a fragment broken off in this way.
|-
| <span id="Span"></span>Span || The distance measured between supports.
|-
| <span id="Spandrel"></span>Spandrel || The wall over the haunches of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Arch|arch]] and below the crown level, excluding the arch ring; sometimes called the spandrel wall.
|-
| <span id="Specific Gravity"></span>Specific Gravity || The ratio of the weight of the absolute volume (solid volume) of a material to the weight of an equal volume of water.
|-
| <span id="Specifications"></span>Specifications || The compilation of provisions and requirements for performing prescribed work, including [[https://deldot.gov/Publications/manuals/standard_specifications/index.shtml Standard Specifications]], Supplemental Specifications, and Special Provisions, which covers the methods, quantities, and quality of finished work.
|-
| <span id="Splice"></span>Splice || A connection of two parts of a structural member used to increase its length.
|-
| <span id="Spot‑Weld"></span>Spot‑Weld || A small intermittent weld that temporarily joins two structural members during erection or fabrication.
|-
| <span id="Stabilization"></span>Stabilization || Modification of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soils]] or [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregates]] by incorporating materials that increase load‑bearing capacity, firmness, and resistance to weathering or displacement.
|-
| <span id="Stagger"></span>Stagger || To alternate.
|-
| <span id="Stay-In-Place"></span>Stay-In-Place || Permanent structural components used in construction to support [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] during placing and curing and remain in place as part of the finished structure. Examples include bridge deck pans, and monotube piles.
|-
| <span id="Stem"></span>Stem || The vertical section of a cantilever [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]].
|-
| <span id="Stiffener"></span>Stiffener || A vertical [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] or angle used to give additional strength to a steel [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Girder|girder]].
|-
| <span id="Stirrup"></span>Stirrup || A steel bar in a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforced Concrete|reinforced concrete]] [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Beam|beam]], usually bent in a “U” shape, helping resist diagonal tension stresses.
|-
| <span id="Stringer"></span>Stringer || A bridge floor member parallel to the bridge centerline.
|-
| <span id="Strip"></span>Strip || To remove forms from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] that has hardened.
|-
| <span id="Stub abutment"></span>Stub abutment || A short vertical [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] usually found at the top of an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Embankment|embankment]].
|-
| <span id="Stud"></span>Stud || Vertical wooden members used for reinforcing sheeting and plywood forms against distortion from the weight of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]].
|-
| <span id="Subbase"></span>Subbase || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|Pavement Structure]].
|-
| <span id="Subgrade"></span>Subgrade || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Pavement Structure|Pavement Structure]].
|-
| <span id="Surface Moisture or Free Moisture"></span>Surface Moisture ''or Free Moisture'' || Water retained by [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Aggregate|aggregates]] in excess of the quantity required for practical internal saturation, expressed as a ratio of the water’s weight to the weight of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Saturated Surface Dry|saturated surface dry]] aggregates.
|-
| <span id="Superelevation"></span>Superelevation || The banking of the outside of a roadway on a horizontal curve or runout.
|-
| <span id="Symmetrical"></span>Symmetrical || An identical formation of elements on opposite sides of a neutral axis or centerline; a mirror image.
|-
| <span id="Tack"></span>Tack || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Emulsified Asphalt|Emulsified Asphalt]].
|-
| <span id="Tack Weld"></span>Tack Weld || See [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Spot-Weld|Spot-Weld]].
|-
| <span id="Tamper"></span>Tamper || A tool for compacting [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Backfill|backfill]] in areas inaccessible to rollers.
|-
| <span id="Tell‑Tales"></span>Tell‑Tales || Wooden strips or weighted wires freely suspended from [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] forms to match marked stakes below, used to determine subsidence of forms while loading.
|-
| <span id="Tendon"></span>Tendon || A wire, strand, or rod used to apply a prestressing force to prestressed concrete.
|-
| <span id="Test Boring"></span>Test Boring || A subsurface exploration showing the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] cross section, hole locations, and other soil information.
|-
| <span id="Thrust Block"></span>Thrust Block || A Thrust Block, also referred to as a Kicker, is a pipe restraint, made of concrete, that prevents the mainline from moving by transferring pipe loads (mainly due to pressure thrust) to a wider load-bearing surface. Usually, thrust blocks are provided for buried pipelines at fittings requiring branching or direction change.
|-
| <span id="Ties"></span>Ties || Steel wire used for securing [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Reinforcing Steel|steel reinforcement]] at intersections or overlapping joints.
|-
| <span id="Tiles (Drainage)"></span>Tiles (Drainage) || Slang term for drainage pipe, typically referring to vitrified [[Part H – Glossary & AcronymsClay|clay]] or terracotta pipe.
|-
| <span id="Toe"></span>Toe || The front portion of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Footing|footing]], from the intersection of the [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment’s]] vertical face to the front edge of the footing.
|-
| <span id="Toe Wall"></span>Toe Wall || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] wall preventing [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Scour|scouring]] under the apron of a drainage structure; sometimes called a cut‑off wall.
|-
| <span id="Tooled Edge"></span>Tooled Edge || The edge of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] structure rounded with an [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Edger|edger]].
|-
| <span id="Torque Wrench"></span>Torque Wrench || A calibrated wrench with a gauge indicating torque on a nut or bolt head.
|-
| <span id="Transit"></span>Transit || An instrument used in surveying for horizontal control, measuring angles, lines, and other geometric features.
|-
| <span id="Transverse"></span>Transverse || A theoretical line running perpendicular to the longitudinal or centerline of a roadway.
|-
| <span id="Tremie"></span>Tremie || A pipe, open at both ends, used to drop fresh [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] vertically without [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Segregation|segregation]], typically for placing concrete in water.
|-
| <span id="Trial Mix"></span>Trial Mix || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] mixture designed using the materials intended for the project.
|-
| <span id="Truss"></span>Truss || An assemblage of structural members forming a rigid framework.
|-
| <span id="Turn‑of‑the‑Nut Method"></span>Turn‑of‑the‑Nut Method || A method of tightening high‑strength bolts to the required minimum tension when assembling steel on the project.
|-
| <span id="Ultra High Performance Concrete"></span>Ultra High Performance Concrete || Cementitious based composite materials with discontinuous fiber reinforcement, compressive strengths above 21.7 ksi, tensile strengths above 0.72 ksi, and enhanced durability via their discontinuous pore structure
|-
| <span id="Vertical Clearance"></span>Vertical Clearance || The clear vertical distance between the pavement surface and an overhead structure.
|-
| <span id="Vibration"></span>Vibration || The act of rendering fresh [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] into a quasi‑liquid state by applying high‑frequency vibratory impulses to consolidate it in the forms.
|-
| <span id="Vibrator"></span>Vibrator || A mechanical device for rapidly shaking fresh [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] to release [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Air Entrapment|entrapped air]] and excess water, allowing it to settle firmly in place in the forms.
|-
| <span id="Vitrified Clay Liner Plates"></span>Vitrified Clay Liner Plates || Plates attached to the face of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] to protect it from harmful effects of acidic water.
|-
| <span id="V‑notch"></span>V‑notch || A notch formed at a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Construction Joint|construction joint]] by two pieces of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Chamfer|chamfer]].
|-
| <span id="Void"></span>Void || A small air pocket or hole in a material, usually caused by lack of consolidation.
|-
| <span id="Volume Change"></span>Volume Change || Expansion and contraction of a material due to wetting/drying or temperature variations.
|-
| <span id="Voussoir"></span>Voussoir || Any wedge‑shaped stone piece of which an arch is composed, such as the keystone.
|-
| <span id="Walers"></span>Walers || Horizontal members used to help hold forms in position or brace cofferdams; sometimes called wales.
|-
| <span id="Warm Mix Asphalt"></span>Warm Mix Asphalt || [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Biuminous Concrete|Bituminous Concrete]] which has [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Admixtures|admixes]] added to improve performance at lower production temperatures.
|-
| <span id="Water‑Cement Ratio"></span>Water‑Cement Ratio || 
*The ratio of the weight of total water to the weight of cement in a batch of concrete. 
*The number of gallons of water per sack of cement in a batch of concrete.
|-
| <span id="Waterproofing"></span>Waterproofing || The application of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|asphalt]], epoxy, or silicon material to the unexposed side of a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Concrete|concrete]] structure to protect it from water damage.
|-
| <span id="Water Table"></span>Water Table || The depth below the ground surface at which [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Soil|soil]] is nearly saturated with water; also called the groundwater table.
|-
| <span id="Web"></span>Web || A [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Plates|plate]] or thin portion between stiffening ribs or flanges.
|-
| <span id="Weep Holes"></span>Weep Holes || Small drainage holes in a structure to allow trapped water to escape.
|-
| <span id="Wingwall"></span>Wingwall || A part of a bridge [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Abutment|abutment]] outside the main body, retaining the approach fill. 
*U‑wing – Wings parallel or nearly parallel to the roadway centerline.
*Flared wing – Wings at a skewed angle to the roadway centerline.
|-
| <span id="Workability"></span>Workability || The ease with which a [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]] mix can be mixed, handled, transported, and placed in its final position with minimal loss of homogeneity.
|-
| <span id="Working Point"></span>Working Point || A specific point shown on bridge plans from which angles and distances are measured for construction.
|-
| <span id="Yield"></span>Yield || 
*The quantity of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Portland Cement concrete|Portland Cement concrete]], in cubic yards, produced by a given batch.
*The number of square yards of surface covered by a distributor load of [[Part H - Glossary & Acronyms#Asphalt|asphalt]].
|}
</div>
</center>
</small>

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